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<title>Graphical Kernel System</title>

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</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Graphical Kernel System</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">GKS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1977</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">ISO/IEC 7942-4:1998<br>1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a>, <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related standards</th><td class="infobox-data">ANSI X3.124, ISO 8651, ISO 8805, ISO/IEC 8806, <a href="ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">ISO 10303</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Graphical Kernel System</b> (<b>GKS</b>) is a <a href="2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D computer graphics</a> system using <a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>, introduced in 1977. It was suitable for making line and bar charts and similar tasks. A key concept was cross-system portability, based on an underlying coordinate system that could be represented on almost any hardware. GKS is best known as the basis for the graphics in the <a href="Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">GEM</a> <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> system used on the <a href="Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> and as part of <a href="Corel_Ventura" class="mw-redirect" title="Corel Ventura">Ventura Publisher</a>.

</p><p>A draft international standard was circulated for review in September 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-NS_1983_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS_1983-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Straayer_1983_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straayer_1983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DW_1983_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW_1983-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final ratification of the standard was achieved in 1985, making it the first <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> graphics standard.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_1985_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CW_1985_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW_1985-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A <a href="3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> system modelled on GKS was introduced as <a href="PHIGS" title="PHIGS">PHIGS</a>, which saw some use in the 1980s and early 1990s.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional <a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.

</p><p>GKS was fairly common on computer <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a> in the 1980s and early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-CW_1986_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW_1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GKS formed the basis of <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>'s <a href="Graphics_System_Extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics System Extension">GSX</a> which evolved into VDI, one of the core components of <a href="Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">GEM</a>. GEM was the native GUI on the <a href="Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> and was occasionally seen on PCs, particularly in conjunction with <a href="Corel_Ventura" class="mw-redirect" title="Corel Ventura">Ventura Publisher</a>. GKS was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying <a href="API" title="API">API</a> defining the <a href="Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">Computer Graphics Metafile</a>. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<sup id="cite_ref-gr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among <a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> users.

</p><p>A main developer and promoter of the GKS was <a href="Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Encarna%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="José Luis Encarnação">José Luis Encarnação</a>, formerly director of the <a href="Fraunhofer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer Institute">Fraunhofer Institute</a> for Computer Graphics (IGD) in <a href="Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.

</p><p>GKS has been standardized in the following documents:<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_cat1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_cat1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISO_cat2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_cat2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> standard <b>ANSI X3.124</b> of 1985.</li>

<li><b>ISO 7942:1985</b> standard, revised as <b>ISO 7942:1985/Amd 1:1991</b> and <b>ISO/IEC 7942-1:1994</b>, as well as <b>ISO/IEC 7942-2:1997</b>, <b>ISO/IEC 7942-3:1999</b> and <b>ISO/IEC 7942-4:1998</b></li>

<li>The language bindings are ISO standard <b>ISO 8651</b>.</li>

<li>GKS-3D (Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions) functional definition is ISO standard <b>ISO 8805</b>, and the corresponding <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> bindings are <b>ISO/IEC 8806</b>.</li></ul>

<p>The functionality of GKS is wrapped up as a data model standard in the STEP standard, section <a href="ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">ISO 10303</a>-46.

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<ul><li><a href="General_Graphics_Interface" title="General Graphics Interface">General Graphics Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="GSS-KERNEL" class="mw-redirect" title="GSS-KERNEL">GSS-KERNEL</a></li>

<li><a href="IGES" title="IGES">IGES</a> (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)</li>

<li><a href="NAPLPS" title="NAPLPS">NAPLPS</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYf6sbOhyP0C&pg=PA152">"Europe calls the tune on computer graphics"</a>. <i><a href="New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. 1983-04-21. p. 152<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Straayer_1983-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Straayer_1983_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStraayer1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Straayer, Dave (1983-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mIm9mWKDxYC&pg=RA1-PA7">"Headway Being Made on Graphics Standards"</a>. <i><a href="Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DW_1983-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW_1983_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_itgx7IkelMC&pg=PA64">"Ansi Seeking Comment On Standard for Graphics"</a>. <i><a href="Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. 1983-09-12. p. 64<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ISO_1985-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_1985_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/14914.html">"ISO 7942:1985"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CW_1985-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CW_1985_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFea26Iy2kQC&pg=RA1-PA36">"Ansi standards draw attention of graphics industry"</a>. <i><a href="Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. 1985-03-25. p. 36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CW_1986-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CW_1986_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvgwHu6zOfQC&pg=PA73">"HP library implements GKS"</a>. <i><a href="Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. 1986-03-31. p. 73<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gr_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_Heinen1985–2019" class="citation web cs1">Josef Heinen; et al. (1985–2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gr-framework.org/">"GR Framework"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ISO_cat1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_cat1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catalogue search results on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iso.org/iso">http://www.iso.org/iso</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ISO_cat2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_cat2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catalogue search results on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.freestd.us">http://www.freestd.us</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHopgood1983" class="citation book cs1">Hopgood, F. R. A. (1983). <i>Introduction to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS)</i>. London: <a href="Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-12-355570-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLaflin1999" class="citation web cs1">Laflin, Susan (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211533/http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~slb/courses/Graphics/g13.html">"The Graphical Kernel System"</a>. <i>SEM307 Computer Graphics II</i>. School of Computer Science, <a href="University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~slb/courses/Graphics/g13.html">the original</a> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-18</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEncarnaçãoEncarnaçãoHerzner1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Encarna%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="José Luis Encarnação">Encarnação, José L.</a>; Encarnação, L. M.; Herzner, Wolfgang R. (1987). <i>Graphische Datenverarbeitung mit GKS</i> (in German) (1 ed.). München / Wien: <a href="Carl_Hanser_Verlag" title="Carl Hanser Verlag">Carl Hanser Verlag</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3446149783</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBechlarsBuhtz1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bechlars, Jörg; Buhtz, Rainer (1994). <i>GKS in der Praxis</i> (in German) (2 ed.). Heidelberg: <a href="Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3540567852</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFellner1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fellner, Wolf-Dietrich (1992). <i>Computergrafik</i> (in German) (2 ed.). Mannheim: <a href="BI_Wissenschaftsverlag" class="mw-redirect" title="BI Wissenschaftsverlag">BI Wissenschaftsverlag</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3411151226</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGawehn1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gawehn, Wilfried (1991). <i>Grafikprogrammierung mit C und GKS</i> (in German). Mannheim: <a href="BI_Wissenschaftsverlag" class="mw-redirect" title="BI Wissenschaftsverlag">BI Wissenschaftsverlag</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-411-14981-7</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717185716/http://www.math.utep.edu/Faculty/sewell/pde2d/gks.htm">Unofficial source of current implementation information</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050429035038/http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Graphical+Kernel+System">GKS at FOLDOC</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="International_Organization_for_Standardization_(ISO)_standards364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_27000_family" title="ISO/IEC 27000 family">27000 series</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEC_standards56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IEC_standards56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_27000_family" title="ISO/IEC 27000 family">27000 family</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul>

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